Pyramids in Egypt

The Great Pyramid was the tallest man-made building constructed some 4,000 years ago. Visitors can enter the Great Pyramid through a passage in the masonry. The pyramids are notable for their incredible construction, which features a high degree of mathematical accuracy. They are constructed from limestone and granite. Many theories about how the pyramids were constructed without the assistance of modern machines have been postulated.

The Great Pyramid is also called the Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops), after the pharaoh who probably had the pyramids built. The other pyramids are called the Pyramid of Khafre and the Pyramid of Menkaure.

The Great Pyramid stands 137 meters (449 feet) high. Each side is oriented with one of the cardinal directions of the compass (north, south, east, and west). The Great Pyramid of Khufu is made up of two million blocks of stone, and is estimated to weigh 5.9 million tonnes.

The Pyramid of Khafre (Chephren) is situated to the southwest of the Pyramid of Khufu. Although it appears to be taller than the Great Pyramid, as it stands on higher ground, this pyramid is actually smaller than that of Khufu. This pyramid was built by Khufu’s son Khafre.

The third pyramid, the Pyramid of Menkaure (Mycerinus), which stands some 67m (220ft) high, was started by Khafre’s son Menkaure.

In front of the Great Pyramid stands the Sphinx, a statue of a creature with the body of a lion and the head of a man. The Sphinx, which stands 20 meters (66 feet) high, and measures about 73.5 meters long, was probably carved over 4,500 years ago out of sandstone.

The sights at Giza are among the most famous in the world and continue to fascinate hordes of visitors every year.

You are as a role model for your children

Parents as Role Models: What kind of role model are you for your kids ?

Fareed Ahmad

The term role model generally means any “person who serves as an example, whose behaviour is emulated by others”.This term first appeared in Robert K. Merton‘s socialization research of medical students. But with the growing knowledge and literature this term has became very general and known.
Today let`s discuss role models with respect to kids & teenagers. Observations tell us that life of kids revolve around few major role models, either parents, famous celebrities (actors or sports person) or peers groups..

The superstars, celebrities, and sports men who are generally projected in the media, who get fame are generally not good humans ‘character wise’. Indeed they are amazing philanthropists but they are often caught drunk, in affairs and scandals.. Those evil thing when presented in a nice glamorous way embellished with spicy media gossip, makes it even more attractive. With that today’s media is not just gossiping around to take competitive advantage but also promoting wrong family values and modeling unethical and moral behavior for children. The movies and tv serials badly exploit women, and project very abusive language. Many parents complaint that their daughters would want to imitate some of today’s trendy appearances and behaviors and that their sons adopt hair style or clothing of trendy people like David Beckham or Brad Pitt.
While children do indeed look to the media for role models, and this is also true that we can`t stop them from external environment, from internet, television and so forth yet parents still have a tremendous amount of influence in their children’s lives and this is proved by several surveys. According to a BBC survey Teenagers look to their parents as role models much more than celebrities such as David Beckham or Pete Doherty.

It is imperative that parents should be positive, pro-social models that lead by example so that their children learn to be emotionally intelligent and deal with all kinds of people while nurturing loving relationships as they grow up. In a busy world where evil is becoming much more attractive and easy to adopt children may grow up physically but they still need spiritual growth and realization that evil is something wrong and should be hated, despite the fact that it might be glittering

Parents should thus show their children that honesty, courage, mercy, love and tolerance are as important as brilliant feats of mind and body are to retain the world’s sanity. This is something which we own to our childrens.

It might should difficult but with practice you`ll become expert in handling your kids. Children look up to their parents with love and trust and at least in the formative years they try to follow closely the example set by their parents.

To increase your influence as parents, and decrease the influence of celebrities you need to limit the amount of time, kids spend watching television and videos..You should provide them alternative and should engage them in physical activities, such as charity work, ‘ show them that there are other ways to correct charity too , other then charity concerts or dramas. .. etc

Parents should also increase the time of children you spend with them. And make sure, that you don`t bash them, rather communicate with them. Open the channels of communication, when they are in problem, help them. Tell them. Children are more likely to imitate parents if parents spend time with them.
Being parent you should ensure that you meet nice people, people who are God fearing, who follow Right Islam and make sure that your children are in friends with their children. In this way for them keeping beard, or wearing abaya won`t be alien as they`ll see many more friends of their doing the same, this would solve their peer problems too.

Being parents you should always try to figure out the core reason of why your children wants something or behave in a particular manner and then provide alternatives, suppose if you don`t want your children to celebrate Birthdays then maybe the core reason he wants to celebrate is to accumulate gifts. .. In such case, you much occasionally keep on giving him gifts.

In addition, parents should be very careful of how they behave themselves. ‘A fish rots from the Top’ : it is extremely well known that “ Children don`t do what you tell them to do, rather they do what they see you doing”. Always remember, if you are telling a lie. How can you expect your child to stop lying?. Thus to improve them, you must improve yourself too.

Plucking of Eyebrows is prohibited in islam

Plucking Eyebrows: A topic we pretend does not exist

By Asma bint Shameem

Today’s topic is about something we DON’T really want to talk about. It’s about…. PLUCKING EYEBROWS
This is a topic we just want to avoid or hope it would just go away Although, not thinking about it does not mean that the Hukum (order) isn’t there. And you know what? It is sad to say that at least 90% of our sisters (if not more) are guilty of doing it.
But dear Sister, have you really thought about it?
What does Islam REALLY say about shaping the eyebrows?
Shaykh Muhammad ibn Saalih al-Uthaymeen says:
“Plucking of women’s eyebrows is not permissible. That’s because the Messenger of Allaah (sal Allaahu Alaiyhi wa sallam) cursed the one who does it. It is haraam and is not permitted.”
The evidence:
1) Removing or plucking the eyebrows implies changing the creation of Allaah, as Allaah tells us that the Shaytaan said:

“…..and indeed I will order them to change the nature created by Allaah.” [al-Nisa:119]

2) Abd-Allaah ibn Masood said: I heard the Messenger of Allaah (sal Allaahu Alaiyhi wa sallam) say:

“Allaah has CURSED the woman who does tattoos and the one who has them done, the woman who plucks eyebrows and the one who has it done, and the one who files her teeth for the purpose of beauty, altering the creation of Allaah.” (Bukhaari, Muslim)

Can you do it if (you think) it makes you look ugly?

Dear sister, do not forget that Allaah is Wise in whatever He decrees for His slaves.Some people are beautiful in appearance and some are not; that’s just how it is and the entire matter is entirely in the hand of Allaah. Therefore, it is essential that you be patient and seek reward with Allaah, and not transgress His sacred limits for the sake of your looks.
Just think….even if the whole world were to tell you that you look beautiful with your eyebrows shaped, would it even be worth a dot or an atom, if in Allaah’s eyes you were ugly? And if the whole world were to tell you that you are ugly, would it really matter as long as you were beautiful in front of Allaah????

What about the hair on her face (like chin, upper lip,etc.) and the rest of her body?

If you want to remove hair from your upper lip, thighs, calves and arms, then according to the Ulama, it is okay. That’s because this is not part of the plucking that is forbidden. It is one of the things concerning which Sharee’ah did not say anything, so the ruling is that it is permissible, since whatever Sharee’ah did not say anything about, in the Qur’aan or Sunnah, is allowed.
The Prophet (sal Allaahu Alaiyhi wa sallam) said:

“What is Halaal is that which Allaah has permitted in His Book, and what is haraam is that which Allaah has forbidden in His Book, and whatever He has not said anything about is allowable.” (al-Tirmidhi-hasan)

What about plucking the hair BETWEEN the eyebrows?

The Ulama tell us that it is permissible to pluck it, because it is not part of the eyebrows.

Can a woman do it if her husband asks her to do so?

The Prophet (sal Allaahu Alaiyhi wa sallam) said:

“There can be no obedience to a created being in disobedience to the Creator.” (Ahmad- saheeh)

Ask yourself this? Why do you obey your husband? Because Allaah told you to, correct? But then the same Allaah is telling you not to shape your eyebrows. Wouldn’t you then, want to obey Him Who is giving the orders in the first place? Wouldn’t then the Orders of Allaah take precedence over the obedience to your husband?

“It is not permissible to remove the hair of the eyebrows because this is the plucking for which the Messenger of Allaah (sal Allaahu Alaiyhi wa sallam) cursed those who do it, and it is a kind of changing the creation of Allaah, which is the action of the Shaytaan. If a woman’s husband tells her to do it, she should not obey him, because it is a sin, and there is no obedience to any created being if it involves disobedience towards the Creator. Rather obedience should only be with regard to things that are good and proper, as the Prophet (sal Allaahu Alaiyhi wa sallam) said.” (Fataawa al-Lajnah al-Daaimah)

OKAY fine. I’m not plucking it. But can I shape it, cut it, wax it, thread it?

Shaykh Ibn Jibreen said: “It is not permissible to cut the hair of the eyebrows, or to shave it, reduce it or pluck it.This is not a matter of beauty, rather it is altering the creation of Allaah Who is the Best of creators. A warning has been narrated against doing that and the one who does it is cursed; this implies that it is forbidden.”

So, this is it.
The evidence is clear. There is no difference of opinion among the Ulama about it.
Plucking your eyebrows is HARAAM….. Plain and Simple
No ifs and buts about it.
The Prophet (sal Allaahu Alaiyhi wa sallam) said it….the Ulama explained it…..you have been informed about it.
And you have been WARNED.
Now, it is up to YOUto decide.
Do you want to be the one who ˜listens and obeys?
Or are you going to be like the one whom Allah describes……

“And when Our Verses are recited to such a one, he turns away in pride, as if he heard them not–as if there were deafness in his ear. So announce to him a painful torment.” (al- Luqman:7)

Read the above Ayah carefully.
Surely, YOU are NOT going to be that one. Right?
Then, give it up, my dear Sister. It’s simply not worth it.You look beautiful even if you didn’t pluck your eyebrows. I Promise You.
Don’t let the Kuffaar get to you. Don’t let the Shaytaan deceive you.
Don’t be the one whom Allah curses.
Imagine! ALLAAH’S CURSE!!!!
Just think! How can anyone expect goodness and success in this life OR in the Hereafter if Allah’s curse is on them?
O Allah…. save us from Your Curse and guide us to the Right Path. Aameen.
And Allah knows best.

Human brain usage

The human brain is complex. Along with performing millions of mundane acts, it composes concertos, issues manifestos and comes up with elegant solutions to equations. It's the wellspring of all human feelings, behaviors, experiences as well as the repository of memory and self-awareness. So it's no surprise that the brain remains a mystery unto itself.

Adding to that mystery is the contention that humans "only" employ 10 percent of their brain. If only regular folk could tap that other 90 percent, they too could become savants who remember π to the twenty-thousandth decimal place or perhaps even have telekinetic powers.

Though an alluring idea, the "10 percent myth" is so wrong it is almost laughable, says neurologist Barry Gordon at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore. Although there's no definitive culprit to pin the blame on for starting this legend, the notion has been linked to the American psychologist and author William James, who argued in The Energies of Men that "We are making use of only a small part of our possible mental and physical resources." It's also been associated with to Albert Einstein, who supposedly used it to explain his cosmic towering intellect.

The myth's durability, Gordon says, stems from people's conceptions about their own brains: they see their own shortcomings as evidence of the existence of untapped gray matter. This is a false assumption. What is correct, however, is that at certain moments in anyone's life, such as when we are simply at rest and thinking, we may be using only 10 percent of our brains.

"It turns out though, that we use virtually every part of the brain, and that [most of] the brain is active almost all the time," Gordon adds. "Let's put it this way: the brain represents three percent of the body's weight and uses 20 percent of the body's energy."

The average human brain weighs about three pounds and comprises the hefty cerebrum, which is the largest portion and performs all higher cognitive functions; the cerebellum, responsible for motor functions, such as the coordination of movement and balance; and the brain stem, dedicated to involuntary functions like breathing. The majority of the energy consumed by the brain powers the rapid firing of millions of neurons communicating with each other. Scientists think it is such neuronal firing and connecting that gives rise to all of the brain's higher functions. The rest of its energy is used for controlling other activities—both unconscious activities, such as heart rate, and conscious ones, such as driving a car.

Although it's true that at any given moment all of the brain's regions are not concurrently firing, brain researchers using imaging technology have shown that, like the body's muscles, most are continually active over a 24-hour period. "Evidence would show over a day you use 100 percent of the brain," says John Henley, a neurologist at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn. Even in sleep, areas such as the frontal cortex, which controls things like higher level thinking and self-awareness, or the somatosensory areas, which help people sense their surroundings, are active, Henley explains.

Take the simple act of pouring coffee in the morning: In walking toward the coffeepot, reaching for it, pouring the brew into the mug, even leaving extra room for cream, the occipital and parietal lobes, motor sensory and sensory motor cortices, basal ganglia, cerebellum and frontal lobes all activate. A lightning storm of neuronal activity occurs almost across the entire brain in the time span of a few seconds.

"This isn't to say that if the brain were damaged that you wouldn't be able to perform daily duties," Henley continues. "There are people who have injured their brains or had parts of it removed who still live fairly normal lives, but that is because the brain has a way of compensating and making sure that what's left takes over the activity."

Being able to map the brain's various regions and functions is part and parcel of understanding the possible side effects should a given region begin to fail. Experts know that neurons that perform similar functions tend to cluster together. For example, neurons that control the thumb's movement are arranged next to those that control the forefinger. Thus, when undertaking brain surgery, neurosurgeons carefully avoid neural clusters related to vision, hearing and movement, enabling the brain to retain as many of its functions as possible.

What's not understood is how clusters of neurons from the diverse regions of the brain collaborate to form consciousness. So far, there's no evidence that there is one site for consciousness, which leads experts to believe that it is truly a collective neural effort. Another mystery hidden within our crinkled cortices is that out of all the brain's cells, only 10 percent are neurons; the other 90 percent are glial cells, which encapsulate and support neurons, but whose function remains largely unknown. Ultimately, it's not that we use 10 percent of our brains, merely that we only understand about 10 percent of how it functions.

How to make our life successful ?

How do you define a successful life? Is it by how much money or stuff you have amassed, or is it by the legacy you leave behind? All too often we equate a successful life with material possessions. Yet, there are millions of people out there who lead successful, fulfilled lives who may be of modest means. They may not be rich in the financial sense, but they are rich in life and values.

So what are the things we should strive for to make our lives successful and have a positive impact on those around us? Here is a list of traits that I think defines what true success in life is all about. Does your list differ?

1. Sincerity. Be sincere in your actions. Don’t try to deceive or impress others. Be yourself, and do what you feel is right based on your values and beliefs. You will be surprised at how people accept you when you stop trying to be someone you aren’t.


2. Unfeigned. Be genuine in what you do; your actions speak louder than your words. Don’t falsify or embellish events that may have happened. Don’t say one thing and do the other.


3. Wholehearted. Be enthusiastic about what you do. Show it. Be committed to life and everything that you set out to accomplish in life. Devote yourself to your family, friends, and community and commit yourself to being the best father, husband, wife, mother, friend, and neighbor you can be.


4. Honest. Be honest in your dealings with yourself and with others. When others interact with you, let them see someone who is reputable, respectable and genuine. Do what you say you will do and never use fraud or deception to get ahead in life. Let ethics, morals, and honor be your compass.


5. Heartfelt. When you do something for someone, or they do something for you, let your thanks and emotion be openly and outwardly expressed towards them.


6. Hearty. Be someone who displays an honest, warm, and exuberant personality to those around them. Let your feelings show and let them be genuine when they do.


7. Humility. Don’t lead a life thinking you are better than others or are superior to those around you. Modesty and humbleness will leave a far more ever lasting impact on people than trying to show off.


8. Personal integrity. Always follow your heartfelt values, and never let a situation or anyone steer you away from doing what you know is right. Be someone that people can look up to and respect and not someone who trades his or her moral values for material gains in life.


9. Incorruptibility. Let it be known that you stand firm for what you believe in and that your morals, values and actions are not for sale. Don’t let outside forces corrupt the person you are.


10. Sound. Show good judgment and sense in life. Don’t let prejudices or emotions cloud your judgment.


11. Whole. Be focused on what you want to achieve in life. Give everyone you interact with your complete and undivided attention.


12. Courtesy. Practice good manners even though others around you may not.


13. Civility. Graciousness and respect go a long way in life. What is more, they are viral – when people see you doing it they are more apt to practice civility themselves. Be kind to others and extend courtesy towards them. Don’t interrupt people when they speak and don’t dominate the conversation.


14. Wisdom. Gain from the wisdom that is inside you. Understand the inner qualities of people and learn how to understand situations that might be different than we are used to.


15. Charity. Practice kind, gentle, and compassionate treatment of others – especially those who may be undeserving. Learn to extend a hand to help others, even though they themselves may not have helped you.


16. Empathy. Be aware that each person is different and may have different values and beliefs than those that you hold. Be understanding of the feelings and thoughts of others without having to be told or reminded of them.


17. Sympathy. Share your feelings with others and understand the emotional situations that people go through. Put yourself in their shoes.


18. Compassion. When someone is in distress, reach out with a genuine interest in helping alleviate their suffering.


19. Altruism. Think of others without thinking of yourself. Do good things for people without expecting something in return for yourself.


20. Magnanimous. Be generous in life. Give of your time, money and wisdom. Share with others so they can see the true joy and adventures of life themselves.

There are the qualities I think helps lead a person to life a successful life. Clearly everyone's views will differ, as they should. What are some qualities that you think define success in life?

Zinc supplements protect the membranes against oxidative injury, and other damaging effects

Zinc
An essential element vital to both human and animal nutrition, zinc is important to an extensive scale of biological functions. More than 200 zinc metalloenzymes have been identified in the biological systems of the body. These enzymes are intricately involved with the production of energy, and the metabolism of both proteins and nucleic acids. Zinc has been found to play regulatory, structural, or catalytic roles in these zinc metalloenzymes and is important to the structure of “zinc fingers”, which are dominated by transcription factors that interact with DNA and regulate the activity of genes. In addition, zinc plays an important part in sustaining the integrity of biological membranes. Zinc supplements protect the membranes against oxidative injury, and other damaging effects. From a physiological standpoint, zinc is necessary for proper development and growth, gustatory and olfactory activity, dark vision adaptation, insulin storage and release, sexual maturation and reproduction, a variety of host immune defenses, and more. Those deficient in zinc my experience weight loss, anorexia, an increased incidence of infections, diarrhea, immune dysfunction, delayed wound healing, oligospermia, mental lethargy, hypogonadism, growth retardation, skin changes, increased risk for abortion, neural tube defects of the fetus, and alopecia. Zinc is found in both animal and plant foods. However, zinc in plant foods is not as available for use by the body as the zinc from animal foods. Rich sources of highly absorbable zinc include meats, organ meats, poultry (especially dark meat), fish and crustaceans. Eggs and dairy foods are also good sources of absorbable zinc. Zinc has been used in connection with the following conditions: Acrodermatitis enteropathica Acne Childhood intelligence (for deficiency) Down’s syndrome Common cold/sore throat (as lozenges) Wound healing (oral and topical) Infertility (male) (for deficiency) Wilson’s disease Night blindness (for deficiency) Dosage and Administration Zinc is available in a variety of forms including zinc aspartate, zinc gluconate, zinc citrate, zinc histidine, zinc oxide, zinc monomethionine, and zinc picolinate. Supplamental zinc comes in both combination and stand-alone products. A daily dose of zinc typically equals about 15 milligrams.

Potassium is important to the contraction of smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscles.

Potassium

An essential macro mineral and vital to human nutrition, potassium plays a key role in both the physiologic and biochemical processes of the body. Potassium is important to the contraction of smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscles. It is also essential to the synthesis of nucleic acids, the transmission of nerve impulses, the maintenance of normal blood pressure, and the preservation of intracellular toxicity. Ideas suggesting high consumption of potassium to cause an anti-hypertensive effect first surfaced in the year 1928. However, in the years to come, mounting evidence now indicates that a diet high in potassium may actually protect not only against hypertension, but against cardiovascular disease, strokes, and other degenerative diseases as well. Potassium has been studied in connection with the following health conditions: Kidney stones (citrate in combination with magnesium citrate) High blood pressure (for people not taking potassium-sparing diuretics) Source of Potassium   If you are trying to increase the amount of potassium in your diet the primary food sources of potassium are fruits and vegetables. This is probably one of the reasons why a vegetarian diet prevents high blood pressure.   The primary sources of dietary potassium are both fresh and dried fruits and vegetables, kelp, rice and wheat bran, potatoes, bananas, orange juice, apricots, unsalted nuts, seeds and grains, mushrooms, molasses and seafood. It is important to be aware of your cooking conditions if you are trying to increase your potassium levels because it can be lost easily through certain cooking methods. Potassium Deficiency It has been suggested that “primitive” diets provide much higher levels of potassium than the contemporary diets consumed today, which may possibly supply too little. Nevertheless, except in cases where “potassium-depleting” diuretic drugs are used, or when an individual experiences excessive diarrhea or vomiting, gross deficiencies are unlikely to occur. If any of these conditions do arise, a doctor may advise supplementation of potassium. The amount of potassium sold in a prescription preparation is greater than the amount sold over the counter; however, even prescription potassium supplements do not contain levels higher than those present in several pieces of fruit. Dosage and Administration Eating several pieces of fruit and an ample amount of vegetables each day provides the greatest source of added potassium. Generally, dietary amounts of potassium range from approximately 2.5 – 5.8 grams per day. Just one banana can contain 500 mg of potassium. All things considered, the allowable amount of potassium in supplement form (99 mg per capsule) is extremely low. Even so, attempting to increase potassium consumption by ingesting a large quantity of potassium-containing pills can cause stomach irritation and should not be attempted.

phosphorus is central to the process of bone mineralization and structural makeup of bone.

Phosphorus

An essential macromineral and vital to adequate human nutrition, phosphorus plays a key part in the function and structure of the body. In its pentavalent phosphate form, phosphorus is central to the process of bone mineralization and structural makeup of bone. In fact, the phosphorous present in bone accounts for roughly 85% of all phosphorus found in the adult human body. In addition, phosphorus is included in the structure of nucleotides and nucleic acids (including adenosine triphosphate). And, the structure of cellular membranes is composed of phosphorus in its phospholipid form. It has been said that life is built upon phosphorus. Mineralization of bone relies on cell ability to actively transport phosphate. Recent evidence suggests that expression of a particular gene, regulated by phosphate, may be involved in bone mineralization. Science has also discovered phosphate to be involved with regulating the expression of the phosphorylated glycoprotein osteopontin, which among other things, is thought to modulate hydroxyapatite crystal elongation. Phosphorus Deficiency Because the amount of phosphorus consumed as part of a regular diet is generally sufficient, deficiency problems are rare. However, it is possible for alcoholics and people who take large doses of antacids containing aluminum to develop a phosphorus deficiency. In addition, when looking at the relationship between calcium and phosphorus, both important for healthy bones, one study showed that the absorption of phosphorus can be negatively affected by taking calcium. The diets consumed by most individuals throughout the United States contain ample amounts of phosphorus. Still, elderly people who supplement their diets with large amounts of calcium may have an increased chance of becoming deficient in phosphorus. Because of this, those conducting the study recommend that elderly people take at least some of their calcium supplement in the form of tricalcium phosphate or other preparation containing phosphorus. Dosage and Administration Phosphorus comes in a variety of forms. For example: Potassium phosphate exists in the form of monobasic potassium phosphate (KH2PO4), dibasic potassium phosphate (K2HPO4), and tribasic potassium phosphate (K3PO4); and sodium phosphate appears as monobasic sodium phosphate (NaH2PO4), dibasic sodium phosphate (Na2HPO4) and tribasic sodium phosphate (Na3PO4). Some preparations even mix two or more of the forms together. Of the salts listed above, potassium phosphate and tribasic sodium are the most basic, while potassium phosphates and monobasic sodium are the least. Management of these salts under medical supervision should always be used when treating a phosphorus deficiency. Most multi-vitamin/mineral supplements do not contain phosphorus, because, for most people, such supplementation is unwarranted.

Magnesium is intricately involved in a variety of biological functions. In fact, over 300 metabolic reactions carried out in the human body require magnesium.

Magnesium

An essential mineral and vital to proper human nutrition, magnesium is intricately involved in a variety of biological functions. In fact, over 300 metabolic reactions carried out in the human body require magnesium. Every major biological process, including the synthesis of proteins, and nucleic acids, and the production of cellular energy must have adequate amounts of magnesium in order to function properly. Magnesium is also plays a key role in nerve conduction, the electrical stability of cells, muscle contraction, the regulation of vascular tone, the maintenance of membrane integrity, and many other things. Green vegetables, nuts, and unpolished grains, are an excellent source of magnesium. Chlorophyll is the magnesium chelate of porphyrin; which, because of their chlorophyll content, makes green leafy vegetables particularly valuable. Although they contain substantially lower amounts than the foods mentioned above, milk, starches and meats also supply magnesium. Generally, foods that have been processed or refined are poor sources of magnesium. In the United States, the mean daily intake of magnesium in males ages nine years and older is approximately 323 milligrams; for females in that same age bracket consumptions levels are estimated at 228 milligrams. Lower intake levels have been reported by some surveys, and some believe that daily intake levels are undoubtedly less than adequate. A connection with magnesium has been used in connection in the following health conditions: Congestive heart failure Mitral valve prolapse Gestational hypertension Diabetes Migraine headaches Cardiac arrhythmia Kidney stones (citrate in combination with potassium citrate) Dosage and Administration Supplemental magnesium comes in many forms including magnesium chloride, magnesium oxide, magnesium pidolate, magnesium gluconate, magnesium arginate, magnesium citrate, magnesium aspartate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium orotate, and many other amino acids and oligopeptide chelates of magnesium. Magnesium supplements come in combination with other minerals and vitamins, or as a stand-alone product. Some supplemental mixtures may contain a combination of magnesium forms such as magnesium chloride, magnesium oxide, and magnesium gluconate. There are a variety of combination products available on the market today. Because, for most people, daily dietary intake of magnesium is less than adequate, many doctors recommend adults take 250-350 mg of supplemental magnesium each day. Side Effects The effects of magnesium consumption discussed here refer only to oral ingestion of magnesium and do not reflect or address the use of magnesium used intravenously. Diarrhea can be caused by taking too much magnesium; for some people, even amounts as low as 350-500mg a day. Excessive consumption of laxatives containing magnesium can lead to more serious problems. Thankfully, such problems are not likely to be caused by the small amounts of magnesium found in nutritional supplements. It is important for individuals with kidney disease to consult with a doctor before taking magnesium supplements.

Iron is essential to the production and performance of hemoglobin

Iron

An essential trace mineral vital to human nutrition, iron is crucial to the entire process of respiration, including electron and oxygen transport. The main purpose or goal of respiration within the body is to produce biologic energy. Iron is essential to the production and performance of hemoglobin, which carries nearly all of the oxygen in the blood to needed locations throughout the body. As hydrogen and oxygen combine within a cell’s mitochondria, electron transport reactions take place that produce energy. These reactions are made possible by a flow of electrons, brought about by the oxidation of food particles, across cytochromes (electron-carrier proteins), and by the ultimate grouping of these electrons with oxygen to form water. Cytochrome oxidase is the last enzyme in the electron transport chain, and both cytochromes as well as cytochrome oxidase depend on iron for their synthesis and function. Aconitase, L-carnitine, and myoglobin, all of which play a vital role in the body’s production of energy, also require iron in order to function properly. Other body operations such as DNA synthesis, immune system response, and normal brain development involve iron as well. Iron is also important to the synthesis of norepinephrin, dopamine, serotonin, and collagen. It is important that the body receive just the right amount of iron. Too little iron in the body’s system can lead to microcytic hypochromic anemia, the most common nutritional disorder in the world, as well as other bodily dysfunctions. Likewise, an overload of iron can cause congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, and cirrhosis. It is estimated that around 25 percent of the world-wide population is deficient in iron. As such, iron intake has become a global health concern. A connection with iron has been noted in the following health conditions: Iron-deficiency anemia Depression (for deficiency) Menorrhagia (heavy menstruation) (for treatment of iron-deficiency only) Childhood intelligence (for deficiency) Iron Deficiency It has been shown that less iron is consumed by vegetarians than is taken in by their non-vegetarian counterparts. It has also been noted that the iron consumed by vegetarians is less absorbable. Because of this, vegetarians are much more likely to have less than adequate amounts of iron stored in their bodies. However, a diet low in iron is not usually the only cause of iron deficiency. Often an underlying cause, such as iron lost in menstrual blood, is somewhat to blame. It is especially common for marathon runners, Pregnant women, those who take aspirin or have ulcers, parasitic infections, Crohn’s disease, hemorrhoids, gastrointestinal cancers, ulcerative colitis or other conditions resulting in malabsorption or blood loss to become iron deficient. An increased risk for iron-deficiency anemia may also be more prevalent among infants who live in inner city areas. And, As a result these children may be at a greater risk for developmental delays. In these areas, using an infant formula fortified with iron to supplement the diets of babies up to 18 months of age has been shown to prevent iron-deficiency anemia and to reduce the number of children who suffer from developmental delays. Dosage and Administration Several forms of iron supplementation are available including ferrous gluconate, ferrous sulphate, ferrous ascorbate, ferrous fumarate, and carbonyl iron. One a doctor has diagnosed a person with an iron deficiency, it is essential that an iron supplement be taken. An amount commonly recommended for the treatment of iron deficiency in adults is 100 mg per day. Oftentimes, after the deficiency has been corrected, the amount of supplemental iron will be reduced. It is important, not only for iron deficiency to be uncovered and diagnosed, but for the cause of the deficiency to be discovered as well. Most of the time the problem is not serious, such as with iron lost during blood donation or through menstruation. However, sometimes iron deficiency can be caused by an ulcer or colon cancer. In some cases, premenopausal women might need to supplement their diets with iron to avoid becoming iron deficient. Oftentimes, a multivitamin-mineral supplement containing 18 mg of iron is enough to prevent deficiency. However, women should always seek the advice of their doctor to be certain that iron requirements are being met. Cautions Iron, in the form of ferrous sulfate, is the number one cause of accidental poisonings among children. In 1986, the occurrence of such poisonings dramatically increased. Many of the children poisoned gained access to the iron though "child-proof" containers opened by themselves, another child, or left improperly closed or open by an adult. Children have died from ingesting as little as 200mg of iron. It is very important that all supplements especially those containing iron be kept in an area inaccessible by children.

calcium plays a vital role in a wide range of biological functions.

Calcium

An essential mineral, calcium plays a vital role in a wide range of biological functions. In fact, the average human body contains two to three pounds of calcium; 99 percent of which is located in the teeth and bones. In addition to being a key element in the makeup of teeth and bones, calcium is essential for the production of energy, blood coagulation, muscle contraction, beating of the heart, maintenance of the immune system, nerve conduction, glandular secretion, prevention of osteoporosis, and many other body operations. Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, are the most densely packed calcium foods. Vegetables, including mustard greens, broccoli, collard greens, Chinese cabbage, and bok choy, along with sardines (bones included) and tofu, are also rich in calcium. The average American takes in about 800 milligrams of dietary calcium each day. Typically, males consume more calcium than females. Calcium supplements can be valuable for those whose diets are lacking in calcium rich foods. In fact, it is estimated that nearly 25 percent of American women take supplemental calcium. The following health conditions have been associated with calcium deficiency: Rickets Osteoporosis Premenstrual syndrome Gestational hypertension Preeclampsia (for deficiency) Lactose intolerance (for preventing deficiency if dairy products are avoided only) Dosage and Administration A wide variety of supplemental calcium salts are available, including calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, calcium gluconate, calcium citrate, and calcium lactate. Approximately 40 percent of elemental calcium is found in calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate; while calcium citrate contains roughly 21 percent, calcium lactate approximately 13 percent, and calcium gluconate only about 9 percent. It is common for calcium preparations to also include vitamin D. In order to adequately meet the body’s needs, men and women between the ages of 19 and 50 should consume 1,000 milligrams of calcium each day; and men and women between 51 and 70 (or older) should take in 1,200 milligrams. The adequate daily intake of vitamin D is considerably less. Adult men and women ages 19 to 50 should consume daily amounts of vitamin D equaling 5.0 micrograms or 200 IU, while men and women ages 51-70 should take in 10 micrograms or 400 IU. Men and women over the age of 70 should consume 15 picograms of vitamin D each day, or 600 IU. The body is best able to absorb calcium when it is taken with food in doses of 500 milligrams or less.

Vitamin K substances were initially found in fish meal, hemp seeds, green leafy vegetables, and liver.

Vitamin K

Vitamin K includes substances containing hemostatic activity, 2-methyl-1, and 4-napthoquinone ring structure. Vitamin K substances were initially found in fish meal, hemp seeds, green leafy vegetables, and liver. These substances all possess antihemorrhagic activity. Vitamin K also plays a role in various processes including bone metabolism. Vitamin K2, or menadione, is thought to possibly improve blood disorders called myelodysplasic syndromes, or (MDS). These syndromes can lead to acute myeloid leukemia. These results are not yet confirmed. Vitamin K Deficiency Vitamin K deficiency can occur when there is a loss of storage sites due to hepatocellular disease, inadequate dietary intake, or from malabsorption syndromes including Crohn’s disease, cystic fibrosis, and ulcerative colitis. Chronic liver disease such as primary bilary cirrhosis can also cause a deficiency. Medications with Coumarin anticoagulants cause a state similar to vitamin K deficiency as it stops the reduction and recycling of vitamin K. Cephalosporin antibiotics can also have the same effect. Research has recently found that space flight can inhibit the metabolism of vitamin K resulting in increased bruising, gastrointestinal bleeding, epistaxis, hematuria, and menorrhagia. Severe vitamin K deficiencies can result in increased fractures and osteoporosis. Osteoporosis may also be caused by long term use of warfarin, a Coumarin anticoagulant. Those taking the medication should not take vitamin K supplements unless directed by their physician. Indications and Usage The lack of vitamin K is associated with long-term total prenatal nutrition, hemorrhagic disease of the newborn, with vitamin K deficiency, and in various malabsorption syndromes. Sufficient levels of vitamin K make provide protection against osteoporosis and also have anti-atherosclerotic effects. Early research shows that vitamin K3 might prove to be an anti-cancer agent. There is no proof showing that vitamin K has positive effects on glucose and insulin, modulates immunity, inhibits platelet aggregation, is helpful in Alzheimer’s disease, or has anti-inflammatory effects. Suggested Dosage 1 mcg per 2.2 pounds of body weight, or 65 to 80 mcg daily, is the recommended dietary allowance for vitamin K in most adults. This level can be acquired by eating the necessary amounts of green leafy vegetables. On average, adults 18-44 years of age do not intake the suggested amounts in their diet.

Vitamin E is suggested to provide protection against cancers and heart disease because of its antioxidant activities.

Vitamin E

Vitamin E is a group of fat-soluble essential vitamin chemical substances that are biologically and structurally similar to alpha-tocopherol. Vitamin E’s precise biochemical role is not yet known. Vitamin E is suggested to provide protection against cancers and heart disease because of its antioxidant activities. Because of its immune-enhancing effects, it may provide limited benefits for those with rheumatoid arthritis and asthma. Vitamin E may provide protection against toxins such as air pollutions, premenstrual syndrome, eye disorders such as cataracts, neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, ultraviolet radiation, and diabetes. There is no proof to show that vitamin E enhances male fertility, sexual prowess, exercise performance, or in the reversal of skin aging. It may provide relief for muscle cramping. Vitamin E helps the body process glucose. Some trials show that vitamin E might be helpful in treating and preventing diabetes. Vitamin E has been used in those with the following health problems: Anemia (if deficient) Burns (in combination with vitamin C for prevention of sunburn only) Epilepsy (for children) Immune function (for elderly people) Intermittent claudication Rheumatoid arthritis Tardive dyskinesia Suggested Dosage and Administration The National Research Council has recently issued a report limiting vitamin E activity to only alpha-tocopherol, one of the homologues of the tocopherol family. Alpha-tocopherol only contains the naturally occurring form, RRR-alpha-tocopherol, frequently called d-tocopherol, and four out of the eight forms of synthetic alpha-tocopherol called all rac-alpha-tocopherol, frequently referred to as d1-alpha-tocopherol. The four forms included are RRR-, RSR-, RRS- and RSS-alpha-tocopherol, the 2R structures. RRR-alpha-tocopherol, natural alpha-tocopherol (referred to as natural-source alpha-tocopherol commercially), has roughly twice the availability of the all-synthetic d1-alpha-tocopherol and is most likely the superior form of supplementation. The RDA dosage for alpha-tocopherol is 15 milligrams daily for men and women. This includes natural-source or natural alpha-tocopherol. 30 milligrams daily of all rac-alpha-tocopherol are necessary to provide the RDA for the vitamin because only 4 of the 8 stereoisomers of the all rac-alpha-tocopherol have vitamin E activity. Two conversion factors are used to determine the amount of alpha-tocopherols present in a supplement labeled in international units. Multiply IU times 0.67 if the forms are d-alpha-tocopherol, d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate or d-alpha-tocopheryl succinate. Multiply IU times 0.45 if the forms are d1-alpha-tocopherol, dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate or dl-tocopheryl succinate. Those with vitamin E deficiency should consult a physician for the proper dose. Recommended doses of vitamin E can vary from 100 to 400 milligrams each day. A maximum of 1000 milligrams each day is suggested for d-alpha-tocopherol in the form of d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate. 200 to 800 milligrams each day of succinate is recommended with a maximum allowed of 1000 milligrams each day for d1-alpha-tocopherol in the form of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate or succinate. The average intake of alpha-tocopherol according to different dietary surveys varies from around 7.5 to 10.3 milligrams daily for men and 5.4 to 7.3 milligrams daily for women. These estimates could be low due to people underreporting their caloric and fat intake and because of questions about which fats or oils are consumed. An average daily intake of about 15 milligrams is believed to be closer to the truth. Gamma-tocopherol is the primary vitamin E form found in the American diet.

Vitamin D helps blood cell formation, immunity, and helps cells “differentiate,” which may lower cancer risks

Vitamin D

Vitamin D is the body’s primary regulator of calcium homeostasis. It aids with bone mineralization and skeletal development. Considered a prohormone, vitamin D does not have hormone activity, but can be changed into a molecule that does. Vitamin D helps blood cell formation, immunity, and helps cells “differentiate,” which may lower cancer risks. Vitamin D has shown in human and animal studies to possibly provide protection from autoimmune arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and juvenile diabetes. Vitamin D helps the body maintain necessary insulin blood levels. Vitamin D receptors are located in the pancreas, where insulin is produced. Supplementation might increase the secretion of insulin in those with type 2 diabetes. Vitamin D has been used in those with the following health problems: Crohn’s Disease Cystic Fibrosis Osteoporosis Rickets/osteomalacia The extent to which vitamin D can help reduce fractures and bone loss in the elderly is still not definite, however some evidence claims that it is useful. Vitamin C may limit or prevent perinatal growth retardation and may alleviate some forms of psoriasis. Researchers hope to find vitamin C to be beneficial to treat immunodulation, cancer, infertility, and diabetes. Early research is also showing the possibility of vitamin D being used to help seasonal depression, bilateral cochlear deafness, increase resistance to seizures, and help with multiple sclerosis and sick sinus syndrome. Vitamin D Deficiency Vitamin D deficiency in adults may cause osteomalacia, or the softening of the bones. This condition is usually treated with calcium supplements and vitamin D. Treatment for osteomalacia should be diagnosed and treated by a physician. Abnormal bone formation occurs in those with vitamin D deficiency. The deficiency is more common in the winter when access to sunlight is restricted. Deficiencies are also more common in highly polluted areas where ultraviolet rays from the sun can be blocked. Strict vegetarians, alcoholics, those with kidney or liver disease, and dark-skinned people are more likely suffer from vitamin D deficiency. Those with kidney or liver disease do produce vitamin D but do not activate it. People with intestinal malabsorption more commonly are vitamin D deficient. Those with insufficient pancreatic function such as cystic fibrosis or pancreatitis, or with hyperthyroidism such as Graves’ disease, are often vitamin D deficient. Recommended Dosage Vitamin D in supplement form can be obtained as vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) or as vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). Multivitamins generally contain vitamin D. Recommended dosage is 200-400 IU, or 5-10 micrograms, each day. 400 IU are found in multi-mineral, pre- and postnatal vitamins. The elderly and those with malabsorption syndromes, hepatic failure, and nephritic syndrome receive supplements with 50,000 IU, or 1,250 micrograms, weekly for an eight week period. This should only be done under the supervision of a physician.

Vitamin c might also protect from heart disease

Vitamin C

Vitamin C is a water-soluable vitamin with various biological functions and includes L-ascorbic acid, commonly called ascorbic acid, and L-dehydroascorbic acid, substances with antiscorbutic activity. Ascorbic acid is the form of vitamin C found primarily in our diets. The names ascorbate, vitamin C and ascorbic acid are used interchangeably. Vitamin C is an important antioxidant that helps provide LDL cholesterol with protection from oxidative damage. LDL leads to heart disease only after it has been damaged. Vitamin C might also protect from heart disease as it reduces the clumping of platelets and the stiffness of arteries. Vitamin C also helps strengthen body parts, such as blood vessels and muscles, by helping to make collagen. It also is a natural antihistamine, helps heal wounds, fights viruses, assists in liver bile formation, and detoxifies the body of substances such as alcohol. Nitric oxide activity is also improved by vitamin C. Nitric oxide helps to dilate blood vessels and may help prevent artery spasms and lower blood pressure that could potentially lead to heart attacks. Vitamin C has been shown to reverse the dysfunction of cells lining the blood vessels. By helping to normalize these cells, heart disease may be prevented. As people age, levels of vitamin C present in the eye begin to decrease. Supplementation may help lower the risk of developing cataracts by preventing this decrease. The activity of the enzyme aldose reductase is reduced by vitamin C. This enzyme causes sorbitol to accumulate in the nerves, kidneys, and eyes of those suffering from diabetes. This accumulation is thought to cause the deterioration of those body parts. By reducing the enzyme’s activity, vitamin C helps provide protection to those with diabetes. The retaining and accumulation of lead may be stopped by vitamin C. An early study showed that those with high levels of vitamin C in their blood have lower chances of having high levels of lead in their blood. Furunculosis, or recurrent boils, may be caused by white blood cells with defects that can be corrected by vitamin C. One study showed that taking 1 gram of vitamin C each day, for a period of four to six weeks, normalized the defects in white blood cells. Vitamin C has been used to help people with these health conditions: Anemia (when deficient) Athletic performance (when deficient) Bronchitis Bruising Burns (in combination with vitamin E for prevention of sunburn) Capillary fragility Common cold Gingivitis (when deficient) Glaucoma Heart attack High cholesterol (offers protection for LDL cholesterol) Infection Infertility (male) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (prevention) Scurvy Wound healing Suggested Dosage and Administration Plasma and lymphocyte levels are almost maximized when 200 milligrams are taken daily. Doses can range from 500 milligrams to 2 grams daily. Doses are sometimes increased in 4 to 5 grams daily when people are trying to fight off a cold. This is done to cause an antihistaminic action from the vitamin C. Doses of 5 grams daily for a period of 4 weeks may inhibit Helicobacter pylori. High doses of vitamin C may provide extra detoxification from carcinogens found in the stomach.

vitamin B-complex perform specific body functions and have unique structures.

Vitamin B Complex

The vitamin B-complex includes all known imperative water-soluble vitamins excluding vitamin C. These vitamins include vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B12 (the cobalamins), biotin, and folic acid. All B-complex vitamins perform specific body functions and have unique structures. Biotin and vitamins B1, B2, and B3 all have roles in energy production. Vitamin B6 assists with amino acid metabolism, and folic acid and vitamin B12 make cell division possible. These vitamins also each perform numerous other jobs. However, the body never needs to use all B-complex vitamins at the same time to perform a job. Daily requirements of B-complex vitamins vary. 18 mg of vitamin B3 and 3 mcg of vitamin B12 are recommended for adult males. Equal amounts of each vitamin should not be taken, as are provided by numerous supplements. Megadoses of B-complex vitamins have not been supported by research to help increase energy, fight stress, or control food cravings unless a person suffers from deficiency. There has been no evidence to support that the other B vitamins should be taken to create balance when a certain B vitamin is used to treat a health condition. Multivitamins usually include B-complex vitamins. These supplements are recommended because they not only provide B-complex vitamins, but only essential vitamins and minerals that help prevent deficiencies and improve nutritional intake.

Vitamin A is essential to growth, bone development, vision, reproduction, epithelial differentiation, brain development.

Vitamin A

Vitamin A is made up of fat-soluble substances that have the biological activity of and are structurally similar to the parent substance all-trans retinol or retinol. Vitamin A is essential to growth, bone development, vision, reproduction, epithelial differentiation, brain development, pattern formation during embryogenesis, and hematopoiesis. Alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and beta cryptoxanthin are Vitamin A’s dietary precursors. As a whole, these carotenoids are referred to as provitamin A. Retinoids include retinol and its metabolites, including retinoic acid and other structurally similar synthetic analogues that may perform different biological activities than retinol. Vitamin A can help those suffering from conditions including: Anemia (for deficiency) Childhood disease Cystic fibrosis Leukoplakia Measles (for deficiency) Leukoplakia Night blindness Dosage Recommendations For the average person, 25,000 IU (7,500 mcg) of Vitamin A daily is safe. People with liver disease or those older than 65, should not take more than 15,000 IU of Vitamin A each day unless directed by their physician. Recommendations for pregnant women are being re-determined. Currently, experts believe that less that 10,000 IU, or 3,000 mcg is safe. Larger amounts could possibly cause birth defects. Vitamin A Deficiency Vitamin A deficiency occurs when people do not intake enough vegetables with beta-carotene, dairy foods, and liver. Infants born weighing 2.2 pounds or less are likely to have a deficiency. Double-blind research studies have administered shots to these infants to try to lower the risk of lung disease. Deficiency symptoms include poor night vision, higher risk of infections, dry skin, and a precancerous condition called metaplasia. Extreme deficiencies can cause blindness, but are very rare in Western countries. Some deficiencies occur more often accompanying other conditions that lead to malabsorption. Those infected with HIV often have vitamin A deficiencies. Hypothyroidism causes a weakened ability to change beta-carotene into vitamin A. Those suffering from hypothyroidism are often advised to take vitamin A supplements (5,000-10,000 IU daily) if their bodies do not absorb sufficient amounts from their diet. Elderly people suffering from type 2 diabetes often have a decline in vitamin A blood levels due to their age and despite sufficient dietary intake.

Ghutnon ko paichedgi sy bachaen

Eat friuts and vegetables

Mosam Barsat ky amraz aur ahtiat